A practical reference on WADA: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2025-11-03. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport; not approved as medicine | Listed by WADA at all times. |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, endurobol | Cardarine is a colloquial name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Detects parent compound and metabolites. |
| Common test matrix | Urine | Blood and dried blood spots also possible. |
| Legal classification | Varies by country | Often treated as unapproved drug or research chemical. |
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
Cardarine is prohibited in competitive sport under the World Anti-Doping Agency code, where it is classified as a metabolic modulator. It is not approved as a prescription medicine in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Regulatory action has focused on its presence in sports and in products marketed as research chemicals. Because it has no accepted medical indication, supply is often unregulated. This status creates legal and safety uncertainties for anyone who encounters the substance.
Anti-doping laboratories detect GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be used in some programs. Detection depends on factors such as dose, timing, metabolism, and the sensitivity of the assay. Published methods describe limits of detection in the low nanogram per milliliter range for related compounds. Exact detection windows are not fixed for all situations and remain an area of ongoing study.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, also GW-1516, a synthetic compound developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist. It belongs to a class of agents that modulate gene transcription related to lipid and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical and early clinical research for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not progress to approved therapeutic use. Its name appears in fitness and sports contexts despite not being approved as a drug.
== Geography and origins == Cider is an ancient beverage. The first recorded reference to cider dates back to Julius Caesar's first attempt to invade Britain in 55 BCE where he found the native Celts fermenting crabapples. He would take the discovery back through continental Europe with his retreating troops. In the cider market, ciders can be broken down into two main styles, standard and speciality. The first group consists of modern ciders and heritage ciders. Modern ciders are produced from culinary apples such as Gala. Heritage ciders are produced from heritage, cider specific, crab or wild apples, like Golden Russet. Historically, cider was made from the only resources available to make it, so style was not a large factor when considering the production process. Apples were historically confined to the cooler climates of Western Europe and Britain where record keeping was not yet common. Cider was first made from crab apples, ancestors of the bittersweet and bittersharp apples used by today's English cider makers. English cider contained a drier, higher-alcohol-content version, using open fermentation vats and bittersweet crab apples. The French developed a sweet, low-alcohol "cidre" taking advantage of the sweeter apples and the keeving process. Cider styles evolved based on the methods used, the apples available and local tastes. Production techniques developed, as with most technology, by trial and error.
==== Levels of severity ==== The use of the body mass index in the diagnosis of eating disorders has been controversial, largely owing to its oversimplification of health and failure to take into account complicating factors such as body composition or the initial bodyweight of the patient prior to the onset of AN. As such, the DSM-5 does not have a strict BMI cutoff for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, but it nevertheless uses BMI to establish levels of severity, which it states as follows:
Some residents warned that, if the situation continued for another week or two, it could lead to a humanitarian crisis, and also expressed concern that the districts might fall to Pakistani forces. Since the closure of roads, Taliban have been airlifting essential supplies to effected areas. Locals in Nuristan also said that the road between Kunar and Nuristan had been closed, and that Pakistani soldiers targeted anyone travelling along the route. Residents of Kunar and Nuristan state that while artillery attacks had occurred in the area for years, road closures and airstrikes had been relatively rare in the past. Meanwhile, an Afghan media outlet, citing a Pakistani official, reported that Pakistani security forces had taken control of several strategic border posts. The official said the positions had been secured because of their tactical importance and elevation, and stated that Pakistan's aim was not to seize Afghan territory but to prevent cross-border infiltration and protect vulnerable areas inside Pakistan. Enayatullah Toofan, a member of Taliban's High Council for Armed Forces Coordination, states that Pakistani forces have occupied parts of Paktika province and issued Pakistani identity cards to the residents there. According to him, Pakistan wants to open girls schools in those areas. However, Enayatullah Khwarizmi, a spokesperson for the Afghan Ministry of Defense, said that all areas on the Afghan side of the border remained under Afghan control and that the Afghan armed forces were committed to defending every inch of the country's territory.
===== Cuba ===== On 15 September, Lula and four of his cabinet minister visited Cuba where they met with Cuban president and first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel. During his visit, Lula also attended a summit of the Group of 77 plus China in Havana where he lamented the United States embargo against Cuba stating that the island "is the victim of an illegal economic embargo, Brazil is against any unilateral coercive measure". Lula also criticized the inclusion of Cuba in the US list of states sponsors of terrorism.
=== Preclinical === AM-510 – undefined mechanism of action – opioid-related disorders ATI-1013 – monoclonal antibody against nicotine – smoking withdrawal CTRX-1001 – immunostimulant – opioid-related disorders CTRX-2001 – immunostimulant – opioid-related disorders Cyclobenzaprine (KRL-102; TNX-102; Tonmya; VLD-cyclobenzaprine) – tricyclic antidepressant (various actions) – alcoholism Cyproheptadine/prazosin (KT-110; Periactine/Alpress) – combination of cyproheptadine (various actions) and prazosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) – cocaine-related disorders Dimethyltryptamine (DMT; EBRX-101) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and serotonergic psychedelic – alcoholism EQL-101 – undefined mechanism of action (non-hallucinogenic non-cardiotoxic ibogaine derivative) – substance use disorders Flumazenil/naloxone transdermal patch (MX-1607; RescuePatch) – combination of flumazenil (GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator/benzodiazepine antagonist) and naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) – substance-related disorders GM-3009 – κ-opioid receptor agonist (noribogaine analogue) – opioid-related disorders INDV-1000 (GABAB PAM) – GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator – substance-related disorders KB-128 – serotonin 5-HT2C receptor G protein-biased agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor antagonist – alcoholism LPH-48 – undefined mechanism of action and serotonergic psychedelic ((shorter-acting LPH-5 analogue) – alcoholism M-101 – GABA receptor antagonist – substance-related disorders 5-Methoxy-2-aminoindane (MEAI; 5-MeO-AI; CMND-100) – serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent – cocaine-related disorders Metyrapone/oxazepam (EMB-001C; EMB-001) – combination of metyrapone (11β-hydroxylase inhibitor and cortisol synthesis inhibitor) and oxazepam (benzodiazepine/GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator) – substance-related disorders Midomafetamine microneedle transdermal patch (MDMA; ecstasy) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist, entactogen – substance-related disorders Naltrexone controlled-release (BICX101, BICX-101) – opioid receptor antagonist – alcoholism, opioid-related disorders Nicotine degrading enzyme (ATI-3009; NicA2; NicA2-J1) – enzyme – smoking withdrawal PPL-138 (BU10038, BU-10038) – nociceptin receptor agonist, μ-opioid receptor agonist, opioid peptide agonist – alcoholism, cocaine-related disorders PSIL-001 (DMT analogue) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT1 receptor modulator – substance-related disorders PSIL-002 (DMT analogue) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT1 receptor modulator – substance-related disorders Psilacetin (O-acetylpsilocin; 4-AcO-DMT) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, serotonergic psychedelic – substance-related disorders Pudafensine (IP-2015; IP-2017; IPNP-2015; IPTN-2021) – serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor – substance-related disorders Research programme: psychedelic-based neurological therapeutics - Psilera – undefined mechanism of action and serotonergic psychedelics – alcoholism Research programme: psychoplastogen therapeutics - Collaborations Pharmaceuticals – undefined mechanism of action – opioid-related disorders SVN-015 – serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor – substance-related disorders SXC-2023 – cystine–glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11; System xc- or Sxc) activator – cocaine-related disorders, smoking withdrawal [15] [16] TACT411 – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor modulator and monoamine transporter modulator – alcoholism TACT523 – undefined mechanism of action – alcoholism TACT833 – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor modulator and monoamine transporter modulator – alcoholism VS-01 (VS-01-HAC) – ammonia scavenger – substance-related disorders
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Nicolas Steno rejected Paracelsus's proposed organic origin for crystals. Steno first observed the law of constancy of interfacial angles when studying quartz crystals (De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento, Florence, 1669), and noted that, although the crystals of a substance differed in appearance from one to another, the angles between corresponding faces were always the same. Steno's work can be considered as the beginning of crystallography as an independent discipline. In 1678 Christiaan Huygens proposed a structural explanation of the double refraction of calcite based on ellipsoidal atoms. Huygens discovered the polarization of light by Iceland spar, a transparent form of calcite, and published his results in his Traité de la Lumière. Domenico Guglielmini's publications of 1688 (Riflessioni filosofiche dedotte dalle figure de Sali) and 1705 (De salibus dissertatio epistolaris physico-medico-mechanica) concluded that the earliest forms (he noted cube, rhombohedral parallelepiped, hexagonal prism, and octahedron) of various salt crystals are characteristic of each substance, are identical in form, indivisible, and have faces with identical inclinations to each other.
Law enforcement agencies searched the houses of several former Ukrainian officials in an anti-corruption raid. PMC Wagner have published a photo claiming a capture of what remained from the depopulated Sakko I Vantsetti village.
== Miscellaneous == It has been suggested that MAF can be formed by probiotic bacteria in a yoghurt medium. This probiotic mixture has been found to be helpful in various immune disturbances including ME/CFS.
CoWIN (Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) is an Indian government web portal for COVID-19 vaccination registration, owned and operated by India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It displays booking slots of COVID-19 vaccine available in the nearby areas and can be booked on the website. The site also provides vaccination certificates to the beneficiaries, which act as vaccine passports for the beneficiaries and can be stored in Digilocker. Users can access the platform via desktop, tablet, and mobile phones.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legal status varies by country. It is not approved as a medicine, and it is prohibited in sport. Some jurisdictions restrict import, sale, or possession.
Laboratories use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect GW501516 and its metabolites. Urine is commonly tested, and testing can occur in and out of competition.
No, cardarine is not a SARM. It is a PPARδ agonist, which acts on a different receptor. The two classes are often confused in online discussions.
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.